ACFE Research Institute Studies

An Audit Planning Tool for Fraud Risk Assessment: A Machine Learning Approach by Miklos Vasarhelyi (KPMG Distinguished Professor of Accounting Information Systems and Director of Rutgers Accounting Research Center and Continuous Auditing and Reporting Lab), Helen Brown-Liburd (Associate Professor, Accounting & Information Systems and Associate Director of Rutgers Continuous Auditing & Reporting Lab), Soohyun Cho (Assistant Professor, Accounting & Information Systems, Rutgers) and Ivy Munoko, CISA, ACCA (Ph.D. student, Accounting Information Systems, Rutgers) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2020

Machine Learning from Human Demonstration: Applications for Fraud Investigation by Stephanie Rosenthal (Chatham University) and Tingting (Rachel) Chung (William & Mary) Funded Study, Summer 2019

The Corporate Fraud Offender: An Investigation of Personal and Organizational Attributes of Corporate Accounting Fraud/ Bryant University Honors Program by Edinaldo Tebaldi (Bryant University Senior Honors Thesis/Professor), Michael Wojcikiewicz (Honors Student) and Kwadwo Asare (Honors Faculty Advisor) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2020

An Experimental Investigation of Nonprofit Form 990: Reporting of Significant Diversions of Assets by Andrea Scheetz (Radford University) and Aaron Wilson (Ohio University) Funded Study, Summer 2019

Asset Misappropriation in Education: Investigating Embezzlement in the K-12 Setting by Jared Eutsler and Lauren Eutsler (both of North Texas University) Funded Study, Summer 2019
Thanks to the ACFE’s Report to the Nations (RTTN), much is known about white-collar fraud in the business setting. However, little is known about occupational fraud in education. Eutsler and Eutsler identified approximately 2,500 news articles describing embezzlement in K-12 education during the past decade. They then compared these education frauds to frauds reported in the RTTN database. The authors find that education frauds are smaller in magnitude but last longer than RTTN frauds. In addition, fraudsters in the education field tend to be older and are more likely to be female. Finally, education frauds are more likely to involve cash or checks, which demonstrates the importance of internal controls over cash and disbursements within school systems. These results provide important information to school administrators and communities about the risk of embezzlement within local schools.

A Comparison of the Proclivity to Steal From individuals, Not-for-Profit Organizations, and For-Profit Organizations by Cynthia L. Krom (Franklin & Marshall College) Funded Study, Summer 2015

Asset Misappropriation: Analysis of Predictors of Organizational Losses by Eberhard Feess and Yuriy Timofeyev (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management) (Complete) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2014

Asset Misappropriation Fraud and the Economy: An Experiment by D. Kip Holderness Jr. (West Virginia University) and Jahangir Sultan (Bentley University) Funded Study, Summer 2013

This is one of five research monographs (white papers) commissioned by the Institute of Fraud Prevention (IFP) to address the following questions and issues:

• What do we currently know about the topical area?
• What research has been done?
• What are the lessons that we have learned?
• What don't we know and what are we missing?
• What additional resources are needed to do research on the topical area (additional theory, data, subjects, research methodology, etc.)?
  

Asset Misappropriation by Chad Albrecht (Utah State), Mary-Jo Kranacher, Editor-in-Chief (CPA Journal and York College) and Steve Albrecht (Brigham Young University) Funded Study, 2008

The Corporate Fraud Offender: An Investigation of Personal and Organizational Attributes of Corporate Accounting Fraud/ Bryant University Honors Program by Edinaldo Tebaldi (Brynat University Senior Honors Thesis/Professor), Michael Wojcikiewicz (Honors Student) and Kwadwo Asare (Honors Faculty Advisor) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2020

An Examination of Fraud Led by Information Technology Perpetrators by Richard Dull and Marie Rice (both of West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2019

Companies increasingly rely on technology adoption, as well as professionals with the necessary skills and expertise to manage advanced technology. These information technology professionals are provided privileged access to organizational systems to complete their duties. Dull and Rice examine how frauds committed by IT perpetrators compare to frauds committed by non-IT fraudsters. They find that IT specialists’ expertise and systems access increase their capability to commit and conceal fraud. Frauds perpetrated by IT specialists occur earlier in their tenure than those of their non-specialist counterparts. In addition, IT perpetrators generate similar losses as non-IT perpetrators in shorter time-frames. Anti-fraud specialists should be aware of these important differences and consider how to better detect fraud committed by IT perpetrators.

Social Identity, Gender and the Intersection with Fraud by James DiGabriele (Montclair) and Scott Fleming, Richard Riley and Trevor Sorensen (all at West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2019

Occupational Fraud Magnitude: Considerations of Industry Traits and Fraud Techniques by Aiyanna Washington, Amber DeCarlo and Tingting (Rachel) Chung (Chatham University) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2017

An Examination of Fraud Perpetrator Outcomes: Termination, Criminal and Civil by Erlina Papakroni and Marie Rice (both at West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2017

Does Non-Financial Misconduct Predict Financial Misconduct? Evidence from Federal Agency Penalties by  Aneesh Raghunandan (Stanford University) Funded Study, Summer 2017

What Factors Explain the Duration of Fraud? by Dahlia Robinson and Delroy Hunter (University of South Florida) Funded Study, Summer 2016

Prenatal Testosterone and Misreporting Behavior: Digit Ratios (2D:4D and rel2) as Predictors of Misreporting Behavior by Kristina Demek (University of Central Florida) Funded Study, Fall 2015

Fraud Losses, Individual and Organizational Conversion: The Intersection with Collusion by Erlina Papakroni and Richard Riley (both from West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2015

The Impact Of Occupational Mobility On White-Collar Crime: Gender Distinctions In A Global Setting by Theresa Hilliard and Presha Neidermeyer (both at West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2013

Understanding Differences Between Accidental Fraudsters and Predators by Dana Hermanson, Scot Justice, Sri Ramamoorti, (All from Kennesaw State University) and Richard Riley (West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2012

Nature vs. Nurture: The Genetic Basis of Fraud Victimization by Tingting (Rachel) Chung (Carlow), Dennis Galletta (University of Pittsburgh) Funded Study, Summer 2012

Data Analytics and Skeptical Actions: The Countervailing Effects of False Positives and Consistent Rewards for Skepticism by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2021

False Positives vs. Hit Rates: Does the Framing of Data Analytic Calibration Affect Auditor Skepticism? by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2020

Auditor Skepticism and Client Ill Will by Jared Eutsler (University of North Texas), Kip Holderness (West Virginia University), Jesse Robertson ((University of North Texas) and Mary Curtis (North Texas University) Funded Study, Summer 2017

Auditors are encouraged by their firms and by regulators to exercise professional skepticism during the audit, and much of the academic literature identifies the benefits of being skeptical during an audit. However, less is known about the costs of auditor skepticism — both to auditor-client relations as well as audit quality. The authors find that when audit clients perceive auditors to be more skeptical than expected, they feel ill-will toward the auditors. Consequently, client personnel are more likely to recommend switching auditors and are less forthcoming as they provide audit evidence, which can hinder auditors from performing a high-quality audit. However, the authors find that auditors can decrease client ill will by ingratiating themselves with client personnel to improve audit relations. Finally, the authors find that client personnel who are attempting to deceive auditors are less forthcoming than auditors who are not attempting to deceive auditors. Thus, practitioners who perceive individuals as withholding evidence should be aware that it may be because these individuals have something to hide. Alternatively, it may be the natural reaction of an honest individual who perceives that an auditor is being unnecessarily skeptical.

Can Audit Firm Policies Alter Juror Reactions to Auditor Professional Skepticism? by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University), Christine Gimbar (DePaul University), Eldar Maksymov (Arizona State University), Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2017

Changing the Nature of Audit Procedures to Deter Fraud by Scott Fleming, Alyssa Ong (both at West Virginia University) Funded Study, Fall 2016

Evidencing Professional Skepticism in the Time Budget by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Christine Gimbar (DePaul University) Funded Study, Fall 2016

A Matter of Time: Reducing Constraints and Empowering Auditors to Find Fraud by Ashley Austin, Tina Carpenter, Margaret Christ, Christy Sims (University of Georgia) Funded Study, Fall 2015

Who Rewards Appropriate Levels of Professional Skepticism? by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2015

Rewarding Appropriate Professional Skepticism Regardless of the Outcome: The Effect of Supervisor Consultation by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri-Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2014

Identifying the Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Behaviors of Skeptical Entry Level Auditors by Greg Trompeter and Jared Eutsler (University of Central Florida) and Anne Norris (Miami University) Funded Study, Summer 2014

The Effect of Alumni Affiliations on Auditors’ Professional Skepticism by Ashley Austin and Tina Carpenter (both at University of Georgia) Funded Study, Fall 2013

Audit Committee Financial Expert and Fraud by Sheila Thiruvadi, Huang Hua-wei, Shiyaam T and Kelly E Carter (all from Morgan State University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2013

Hindsight Bias and Professional Skepticism: Does the End Justify the Means? by Joe Brazel and Tammie Schaefer (NC State) Funded Study, Fall 2012

Auditor Tenure and Financial Reporting Fraud Pre and Post Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by M.J. Abdolmohammadi (Bentley University) and K.N. Asare (Bryant) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2012

Fraud and Audit Opinion Modifications. Investigation of Fraud Characteristics, Resulting Opinion Modifications, and Subsequent Auditor Punishments by Erin Burrell Nickell and Jared Eutsler (both at University of Central Florida) (Completed) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2012

Financial & Non-Financial Inconsistencies/Audit Quality by Joe Brazel and Don Pagach (both at North Carolina State University) Funded Study, 2010

Quantifying Intuitions about Risk: Comparing Partners Perceived as "Risky" and "Non-Risky" by Greg Trompeter and Anne Norris (both at University of Central Florida) Funded Study, 2009

Slipping Through the Regulatory Cracks: Banned Brokers Selling Insurance by William Gerken and Mehrnoush Shahhosseini (University of Kentucky) Funded Study, Summer 2019

Is Broker Misconduct Contagious? Career Networks and Fraud by Financial Advisors by William Gerken and Nathaniel P. Graham (University of Kentucky) and Stephen G. Dimmock (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) Funded Study, Fall 2013

Corporate Governance, Collusion and Financial Statements Fraud by Robert Davidson (Virginia Tech) Funded Study, Fall 2017

Fraud Losses, Individual and Organizational Conversion: The Intersection with Collusion by Erlina Papakroni and Richard Riley (both at West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2015

Collusion: Achilles’ Heel of Anti-Fraud Efforts by Dana Hermanson (Kennesaw State University), Carol Bishop (Georgia Southwestern State University) and Richard Riley (West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2014

Examining the Relationship between Individual and Corporate Instability and Workplace Crime and Deviance by Emily M. Homer (Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of North Carolina Wilmington) and George E. Higgins (Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Louisville) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2020

Executives' "Off-The-Job" Behavior, Corporate Culture, and Financial Reporting Risk by Robert Davidson (Georgetown University), Aiyesha Dey (University of Minnesota), and Abbie Smith, Funded Study, 2011

The Association Between Business Sustainability and Financial and Non-financial Misconducts by Zabidollah Rezaee (University of Memphis) and Kehinde Mayokun Ogunade (Ph.D. student, Accounting, University of Memphis) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2021

Corporate Governance, Collusion and Financial Statements Fraud by Robert Davidson (Virginia Tech) Funded Study, Fall 2017

The Robin-Hood Effect: Broad-Based Employee Stock Option Plans and Earnings Management by Kip Holderness (West Virginia University) and Melissa F. Western (University of Utah) Funded Study, Fall 2015

Executive Equity Compensation and Accounting Fraud by Robert Davidson (Georgetown University) Funded Study, Fall 2014

Fraud and Nonprofit Governance: Evidence from the Revised Form 990 by Martha Eining (University of Utah), Kathy Hurtt (Baylor University) and Claire Richards (Zayed University) Funded Study, Fall 2014

Audit Committee Financial Expert and Fraud by Sheila Thiruvadi, Huang Hua-wei, Shiyaam T and Kelly E Carter (all from Morgan State University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2013

Auditor Tenure and Financial Reporting Fraud Pre and Post Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by M.J. Abdolmohammadi (Bentley University) and K.N. Asare (Bryant University) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2012

Assessing Fraud Risk from Self-Regulatory Organization Disclosures by William Gerken (Auburn) and Stephen G. Dimmock (Nanyang Business School at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore) Funded Study, 2011

Best Practices in On-Boarding New Accounts for Financial Institutions – Preventing Identity Fraud and Money Laundering by Michael C. Smith, and Kim Little (Lexis Nexis) and Dr. Timothy Pearson, (West Virginia University) Funded Study, 2009

Data Analytics and Skeptical Actions: The Countervailing Effects of False Positives and Consistent Rewards for Skepticism by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2021

False Positives vs. Hit Rates: Does the Framing of Data Analytic Calibration Affect Auditor Skepticism? by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2020

Data Analytics: Using Creativity and Innovation to Find Fraud by Tina Carpenter, Margaret Christ, Rich Mautz (University of Georgia) Funded Study, Fall 2017

Developing a Non-Profit Fraud Prediction Model Using Time Series Analysis by Martha Eining (University of Utah), David Hurtt, Kathy Hurtt (both at Baylor University) and Claire Richards (Zayed University) Funded Study, Fall 2017

Using Letter Analytics to Find Fraud by Nathan Mauck & Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City); Richard Lanza (Practitioner) Funded Study, Fall 2016

The Impact of Big Data and Data Analytics on Finding Fraud by Ashley Austin (University of Richmond), Tina Carpenter, Margaret Christ, Christy Sims (University of Georgia) Funded Study, Fall 2016

Asset Misappropriation in Education: Investigating Embezzlement in the K-12 Setting by Jared Eutsler and Lauren Eutsler (both of North Texas University) Funded Study, Summer 2019

Thanks to the ACFE’s Report to the Nations (RTTN), much is known about white-collar fraud in the business setting. However, little is known about occupational fraud in education. Eutsler and Eutsler identified approximately 2,500 news articles describing embezzlement in K-12 education during the past decade. They then compared these education frauds to frauds reported in the RTTN database. The authors find that education frauds are smaller in magnitude but last longer than RTTN frauds. In addition, fraudsters in the education field tend to be older and are more likely to be female. Finally, education frauds are more likely to involve cash or checks, which demonstrates the importance of internal controls over cash and disbursements within school systems. These results provide important information to school administrators and communities about the risk of embezzlement within local schools.

Survey of Fraud Examination and Forensic Accounting Programs by Dr. Graham Peace (West Virginia University), Dr. Richard Riley (Advisory Participant Only; West Virginia University) Funded Study, Summer 2012

Examining the Relationship between Individual and Corporate Instability and Workplace Crime and Deviance by Emily M. Homer (Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of North Carolina Wilmington) and George E. Higgins (Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Louisville) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2020

The Dangers of Fostering Entitlement in the Workplace by Kip Holderness (West Virginia University) Funded Study, Summer 2016

A Comparison of the Proclivity to Steal from Individuals, Not-for-Profit Organizations, and For-Profit Organizations by Cynthia L. Krom (Franklin & Marshall College) Funded Study, Summer 2015

The Association Between Business Sustainability and Financial and Nonfinancial Misconducts by Zabidollah Rezaee (University of Memphis) and Kehinde Mayokun Ogunade (Ph.D. student, Accounting, University of Memphis) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2021

The Corporate Fraud Offender: An Investigation of Personal and Organizational Attributes of Corporate Accounting Fraud/ Bryant University Honors Program by Edinaldo Tebaldi (Brynat University Senior Honors Thesis/Professor), Michael Wojcikiewicz (Honors Student) and Kwadwo Asare (Honors Faculty Advisor) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2020

Corporate Governance, Collusion and Financial Statements Fraud by Robert Davidson (Virginia Tech) Funded Study, Fall 2017

The Role of Short-Sellers in Detecting Financial Reporting Fraud by Zabihollah Rezaee (University of Memphis) and Yu Chen (Texas A&M International University) (In Progress) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2014  

An Examination of Fraudulent Financial Reporting: Public versus Private Companies by Scott Fleming, Richard Riley (both from West Virginia University), Dana Hermanson (Kennesaw State University), Mary Jo Kranacher (CUNY-York College) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2012

The Association Between Business Sustainability and Financial and Nonfinancial Misconducts by Zabidollah Rezaee (University of Memphis) and Kehinde Mayokun Ogunade (Ph.D. student, Accounting, University of Memphis) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2021

How Informative are Fraud and Non-Fraud Firms’ Earnings? by Kwadwo N. Asare (Bryant University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2016

The Robin-Hood Effect: Broad-Based Employee Stock Option Plans and Earnings Management by Kip Holderness (West Virginia University) and Melissa F. Western (University of Utah) Funded Study, Fall 2015

An Examination of Fraudulent Financial Reporting: Public versus Private Companies by Scott Fleming, Richard Riley (both at West Virginia University), Dana Hermanson (Kennesaw State University), Mary Joe Kranacher (CUNY-York College) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2012

Executives' "Off-The-Job" Behavior, Corporate Culture, and Financial Reporting Risk by Robert Davidson (Georgetown University), Aiyesha Dey (University of Minnesota) and Abbie Smith, Funded Study, 2011

Financial & Non-Financial Inconsistencies/Audit Quality, by Joe Brazel and Don Pagach (both at North Carolina State University) Funded Study, 2010

This is one of five research monographs (white papers) commissioned by the IFP to address the following questions and issues:

• What do we currently know about the topical area?
• What research has been done?
• What are the lessons that we have learned?
• What don't we know and what are we missing?
• What additional resources are needed to do research on the topical area (additional theory, data, subjects, research methodology, etc.)?

Fraudulent Financial Reporting: How Do We Close the Knowledge Gap? by Joseph Carcello (University of Tennessee) and Dana Hermanson (Kennesaw State University) Funded Study, 2008

Changing the Nature of Audit Procedures to Deter Fraud by Scott Fleming, Alyssa Ong (both at West Virginia University) Funded Study, Fall 2016

Small Business Fraud Awareness, Prevention and Detection by Val Trott Williams and Robert Kollar (both at Duquesne University) Funded Study, 2010

Best Practices in On-Boarding New Accounts for Financial Institutions – Preventing Identity Fraud and Money Laundering by Michael C. Smith and Kim Little (both at Lexis Nexis) and Dr. Timothy Pearson, (West Virginia University) Funded Study, 2009

Developing a Non-Profit Fraud Prediction Model Using Time Series Analysis by Martha Eining (University of Utah), David Hurtt, Kathy Hurtt (both at Baylor University) and Claire Richards (Zayed University) Funded Study, Fall 2017

Does Non-Financial Misconduct Predict Financial Misconduct? Evidence from Federal Agency Penalties by Aneesh Raghunandan (Stanford University) Funded Study, Summer 2017

The Impact of Big Data and Data Analytics on Finding Fraud by Ashley Austin (University of Richmond), Tina Carpenter, Margaret Christ, Christy Sims (University of Georgia) Funded Study, Fall 2016

What Factors Explain the Duration of Fraud? by Dahlia Robinson and Delroy Hunter (University of South Florida) Funded Study, Summer 2016

Asset Misappropriation: Analysis of Predictors of Organizational Losses by Eberhard Feess and Yuriy Timofeyev (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management) (Complete) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2014

The Role of Short-Sellers in Detecting Financial Reporting Fraud by Zabihollah Rezaee (University of Memphis) and Yu Chen (Texas A&M International University) (In Progress) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2014  

General Strain Theory: Strain as a Predictor or Occupational Fraud by Timothy Bergsma (Walden University) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2013

Antecedents to Global Fraud by Chih-Chen Lee (Northern Illinois University), Tingting (Rachel) Chung (Chatham University), Sunita Mondal (University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2013

Examining the Association between Psychological Measures and Risk of Fraud by Greg Trompeter and Anne Norris (both at University of Central Florida) Funded Study, 2009

Identifying Increased Risk for Occupational Fraud from the Economic Pressures Related to the Stages of the Industry Life Cycle by Demond Daniels and Firasat Khan (both at Metropolitan State University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2019

Asset Misappropriation Fraud and the Economy: An Experiment by D. Kip Holderness Jr. (West Virginia University) and Jahangir Sultan (Bentley University) Funded Study, Summer 2013

An Experimental Study of Fraudulent Behavior by Michèle Belot (University of Edinburgh) and Marina Schröder (University of Magdeburg) Funded Study, 2011

Motivation of Fraudsters in Local Government by Tammy Wolter (WSCS Consulting) and Robert Smith, Funded Study, 2010

This is one of five research monographs (white papers) commissioned by the IFP to address the following questions and issues:

• What do we currently know about the topical area?
• What research has been done?
• What are the lessons that we have learned?
• What don't we know and what are we missing?

Bringing Freud to Fraud by Sridhar Ramamoorti (Kennesaw State University), Daven Morrison (Morrison Associates) and Joseph W. Koletar (FBI, Retired), Funded Study, 2008

Asset Misappropriation in Education: Investigating Embezzlement in the K-12 Setting by Jared Eutsler and Lauren Eutsler (both of North Texas University) Funded Study, Summer 2019

Thanks to the ACFE’s Report to the Nations (RTTN), much is known about white-collar fraud in the business setting. However, little is known about occupational fraud in education. Eutsler and Eutsler identified approximately 2,500 news articles describing embezzlement in K-12 education during the past decade. They then compared these education frauds to frauds reported in the RTTN database. The authors find that education frauds are smaller in magnitude but last longer than RTTN frauds. In addition, fraudsters in the education field tend to be older and are more likely to be female. Finally, education frauds are more likely to involve cash or checks, which demonstrates the importance of internal controls over cash and disbursements within school systems. These results provide important information to school administrators and communities about the risk of embezzlement within local schools.

Fraud Risk Awareness in Local Governments by Ellen L. Landgraf and Laurence E. Johnson (Loyola University Chicago) Funded Study, Fall 2014

Motivation of Fraudsters in Local Government by Tammy Wolter (WSCS Consulting) and Robert Smith, Funded Study, 2010

The Role of Management Override and Other Anti-Fraud Breakdowns in Fraud Cases by Carol Bishop (Georgia Southwestern State University), Dana Hermanson (Kennesaw State University) and Richard Riley (West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2016

The Impact of Internal Controls on the Duration of Fraud by Juan Mao (University of Texas at San Antonio) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2015

The Impact of Country Digital Infrastructure on Fraud Levels and Controls by Chih-Chen Lee (Northern Illinois University), Tingting (Rachel) Chung (Chatham University), Sunita Mondal (Slippery Rock University), and Pratyush Sharma, Data-Supported Study, Summer 2015

Assessing the Role of Control Overrides in Financial Statement Fraud Study by Dr. Robert Tillman and Michael Indergaard (both at St. John's University) Funded Study, 2006

Assessing How Procurement Fraud Suborns Officials by Nikos Passas (Northeastern University) Funded Study, 2006

Machine Learning from Human Demonstration: Applications for Fraud Investigation by Stephanie Rosenthal (Chatham University) and Tingting (Rachel) Chung (William & Mary) Funded Study, Summer 2019

The Complementary Influences of Genetics and Environment on Successful Lie Detection in Investigative Fraud Interviews by Chih-Chen Lee (Northern Illinois University), Tingting (Rachel) Chung (Carlow University) Funded Study, Summer 2013

The Client Interview: Client Interpersonal Style and Trait-Based Skepticism in Accounting Students and Early Career Auditors by Greg Trompeter and Anne Norris (both at University of Central Florida) Funded Study, Summer 2013

An Examination of Fraud Led by Information Technology Perpetrators by Richard Dull and Marie Rice (both of West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2019

Companies increasingly rely on technology adoption, as well as professionals with the necessary skills and expertise to manage advanced technology. These information technology professionals are provided privileged access to organizational systems to complete their duties. Dull and Rice examine how frauds committed by IT perpetrators compare to frauds committed by non-IT fraudsters. They find that IT specialists’ expertise and systems access increase their capability to commit and conceal fraud. Frauds perpetrated by IT specialists occur earlier in their tenure than those of their non-specialist counterparts. In addition, IT perpetrators generate similar losses as non-IT perpetrators in shorter timeframes. Anti-fraud specialists should be aware of these important differences and consider how to better detect fraud committed by IT perpetrators.

This is one of five research monographs (white papers) commissioned by the IFP to address the following questions and issues:

• What do we currently know about the topical area?
• What research has been done?
• What are the lessons that we have learned?
• What don't we know and what are we missing?

Fraud and Forensic Accounting In a Digital Environment by Conan Albrecht (Brigham Young University) Funded Study, 2008

An Examination of Fraud Perpetrator Outcomes: Termination, Criminal and Civil by Erlina Papakroni and Marie Rice (both at West Virginia University) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2017

Can Audit Firm Policies Alter Juror Reactions to Auditor Professional Skepticism? by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University), Christine Gimbar (DePaul University), Eldar Maksymov (Arizona State University), Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2017

SEC Enforcement Actions Against CPAs: What are the Outcomes Related to Licensure and Sanctions? Does the CPA’s Organizational Role Influence those Outcomes? by Cynthia Krom (Franklin & Marshall University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2017

Fraud Response & Litigation Readiness by Patricia Johnson (Canisius College) and Linda Volonino (consultant) Funded Study, 2010

This is one of five research monographs (white papers) commissioned by the IFP to address the following questions and issues:

• What do we currently know about the topical area?
• What research has been done?
• What are the lessons that we have learned?
• What don't we know and what are we missing?

The Legal Environment and White Collar Crime / Forensic Accounting by John Gill and Mark Scott (Association of Certified Fraud Examiners) Funded Study, 2008

An Experimental Investigation of Nonprofit Form 990: Reporting of Significant Diversions of Assets by Andrea Scheetz (Radford University) and Aaron Wilson (Ohio University) Funded Study, Summer 2019

Developing a Non-Profit Fraud Prediction Model Using Time Series Analysis by Martha Eining (University of Utah), David Hurtt, Kathy Hurtt (both at Baylor University) and Claire Richards (Zayed University) Funded Study, Fall 2017

The Effectiveness of Monitoring Mechanisms in Preventing or Detecting Occupational Fraud in Nonprofit Organizations by Angela Woodland (Montana State University) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2017

A Comparison of the Proclivity to Steal from Individuals, Not-for-Profit Organizations, and For-Profit Organizations by Cynthia L. Krom (Franklin & Marshall College) Funded Study, Summer 2015

Fraud and Nonprofit Governance: Evidence from the Revised Form 990 by Martha Eining (University of Utah), Kathy Hurtt (Baylor University) and Claire Richards (Zayed University) Funded Study, Fall 2014

An Audit Planning Tool for Fraud Risk Assessment: A Machine Learning Approach by Miklos Vasarhelyi (KPMG Distinguished Professor of Accounting Information Systems and Director of Rutgers Accounting Research Center and Continuous Auditing and Reporting Lab), Helen Brown-Liburd (Associate Professor, Accounting & Information Systems and Associate Director of Rutgers Continuous Auditing & Reporting Lab), Soohyun Cho (Assistant Professor, Accounting & Information Systems, Rutgers) and Ivy Munoko (Ph.D. student, Accounting Information Systems, Rutgers) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2020

Identifying Increased Risk for Occupational Fraud from the Economic Pressures Related to the Stages of the Industry Life Cycle by Demond Daniels and Firasat Khan (both at Metropolitan State University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2019

Fraud Risk Awareness in Local Governments by Ellen L. Landgraf and Laurence E. Johnson (both at Loyola University, Chicago) Funded Study, Fall 2014

Assessing Fraud Risk from Self-Regulatory Organization Disclosures by William Gerken (Auburn University) and Stephen G. Dimmock (Nanyang Business School at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore) Funded Study, 2011

Quantifying Intuitions about Risk: Comparing Partners Perceived as "Risky" and "Non-Risky" by Greg Trompeter and Anne Norris (both at University of Central Florida) Funded Study, 2009

Data Analytics and Skeptical Actions: The Countervailing Effects of False Positives and Consistent Rewards for Skepticism by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2021

False Positives vs. Hit Rates: Does the Framing of Data Analytic Calibration Affect Auditor Skepticism? by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri,  Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2020

Auditor Skepticism and Client Ill Will by Jared Eutsler (University of North Texas), Kip Holderness (West Virginia University), Jesse Robertson ((University of North Texas) and Mary Curtis (North Texas University) Funded Study, Summer 2017

Auditors are encouraged by their firms and by regulators to exercise professional skepticism during the audit, and much of the academic literature identifies the benefits of being skeptical during an audit. However, less is known about the costs of auditor skepticism — both to auditor-client relations as well as audit quality. The authors find that when audit clients perceive auditors to be more skeptical than expected, they feel ill-will toward the auditors. Consequently, client personnel are more likely to recommend switching auditors and are less forthcoming as they provide audit evidence, which can hinder auditors from performing a high-quality audit. However, the authors find that auditors can decrease client ill will by ingratiating themselves with client personnel to improve audit relations. Finally, the authors find that client personnel who are attempting to deceive auditors are less forthcoming than auditors who are not attempting to deceive auditors. Thus, practitioners who perceive individuals as withholding evidence should be aware that it may be because these individuals have something to hide. Alternatively, it may be the natural reaction of an honest individual who perceives that an auditor is being unnecessarily skeptical.

Can Audit Firm Policies Alter Juror Reactions to Auditor Professional Skepticism? by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University), Christine Gimbar (DePaul University), Eldar Maksymov (Arizona State University), Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2017

Evidencing Professional Skepticism in the Time Budget by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Christine Gimbar (DePaul University) Funded Study, Fall 2016

Who Rewards Appropriate Levels of Professional Skepticism? by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2015

Rewarding Appropriate Professional Skepticism Regardless of the Outcome: The Effect of Supervisor Consultation by Joe Brazel (North Carolina State University) and Tammie Schaefer (University of Missouri, Kansas City) Funded Study, Summer 2014

Identifying the Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Behaviors of Skeptical Entry Level Auditors by Greg Trompeter and Jared Eutsler (University of Central Florida) and Anne Norris (Miami University) Funded Study, Summer 2014

The Effect of Alumni Affiliations on Auditors’ Professional Skepticism by Ashley Austin and Tina Carpenter (both at University of Georgia) Funded Study, Fall 2013

The Client Interview: Client Interpersonal Style and Trait-Based Skepticism in Accounting Students and Early Career Auditors by Greg Trompeter and Anne Norris (both at University of Central Florida) Funded Study, Summer 2013

Hindsight Bias and Professional Skepticism: Does the End Justify the Means? by Joe Brazel and Tammie Schaefer (both at North Carolina State University) Funded Study, Fall 2012

Cultural Effects on Whistleblowing Concerning Fraud by Rhonda Gilreath (Tiffin University) Data-Supported Study, Summer 2016

An Examination of Whistle-Blowing in Fraudulent Organizations by Chad Albrecht and Chris Skousen (both at Utah State University) Data-Supported Study, Fall 2012